Pay It Forward Essay Example for Free

Pay It Forward Essay Pay It Forward An act of kindness can develop values for both the person receiving the aid and the person offering the support as well as community development. In this summary key points are discussed on altruism. The summary stems from an act of kindness, which was conducted by the author as a student of Capstone Course in Psychology/Psy 490. I presented money to a person who needed money for his or her next meal, without expecting anything in return. A person does not realize the degree of emotions involved in experiencing need nor true concern until he or she begins to offer support with no desire of reward. Altruism, Personal and Professional Social Responsibility, and Codependency Altruism is the act of aiding another without thought of self or reward. Altruism is also the moral obligation to help others (Myers, 2008). These are selfless acts, which grant something to someone else; the ego also desires to develop a responsible identity of self. People also need to identify with personal and professional social responsibility to become mature individuals. According to Chickering and Braskamp (2009), â€Å"a civic and moral identity and sense of obligation to society are more apt to behave in ways, which fulfill individual and social responsibilities† (p. 27). When we cannot fulfill our desires of responsibility codependency can become a reactionary problem where individuals react to problems, pains, lives, and behaviors of themselves and others instead of acting in ways, which are adaptive (Morgan, 1991, p. 724). Applying Altruism to Psychology or Psychological Principles Psychological principles are designed to follow the Code of Conduct and its principles. Psychology practices ethical and humane practices within research as well as promoting mental health. The Code of Conduct is followed strictly by professionals of psychology to uphold the rights of consumers, and to offer help to many of life’s problems. Although psychological approaches are not always acts of giving with no reward, many consumers view psychological interventions as acts of moral obligation. Professionals possess personal and social responsibilities to those in need in the communities. Altruism as it Improves the Human Condition Helping others with no desire for reward is beneficial for the human condition. Performing the act of kindness of providing money for food to someone in need helped to build moral character for both parties involved. The person in need, perhaps has gained knowledge he or she is not alone and others do care about what happens to him or her. The person receiving the gift may reciprocate the act by searching for jobs or applying for social support. The person giving the gift has become responsible to help others; this act can lead to bigger acts in the community of aid to others. Many people in the community practicing altruism can be beneficial in teaching social responsibility to others. In such efforts to promote altruism limits exist in persuading others to become responsible in the plight. Personal and Professional Responsibilities Related to Altruism Altruism is a moral obligation or duty to help others. Responsible individuals are obligated to help those in need, and help provide the direction so he or she may learn independence and responsibility. Psychological professions must uphold a moral character for the reputation of psychology whereas always striving to help clients and patients with social problems. The Future of Psychology in Contemporary Society Society will become more responsible because of psychological interventions. Those individuals who have developed personal and social responsibilities will help others to learn to help themselves. Human society is full of problems, societies’ members cannot expect others not to receive help for their problems. Psychology will play the role of meeting these problems with professional attitudes and awareness. New interventions to promote stronger individual experiences will come from psychology. Altruism will help to mold a society, which eventually will be self-sufficient. Conclusion In conclusion, altruism is a selflessness motive to help others, which can promote betterment for society and lead to personal and social responsibility. Human identity formation must be enriched by experiences, knowledge, and insight or reactionary problems such as codependency can occur. Personal and professional responsibilities to altruism should be conducted without obligation and with awareness of respect and competence. The benefits of altruism to the human condition are immense. Trust and integrity can be learned from acts of kindness. Persons and professionals should always engage altruistic acts for the betterment of social avenues. Psychology’s concepts of preserving future experiences will rely on altruistic codes to promote a healthy future for each member of communities. References Chickering, A., Braskamp, L. A. (2009). Developing a global perspective for personal and social responsibility. Peer Review, 11(4), 27-30. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/216586612?accountid=458 Morgan, J. (1991). What is codependency? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47(5), 720-729. Myers, D. G. (2008). Social psychology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Markets - why they fail Essay -- Economics

Markets - why they fail * Allocative efficiency occurs when resources are distributed in such a way that no consumers could be made better off without other consumers becoming worse off. * Dynamic efficiency occurs when resources are allocated efficiently over time. * Productive efficiency is achieved when production is achieved at lowest cost. * Technical efficiency is achieved when a given quantity of output is produced with a minimum number of inputs. Consumer and Producer Surplus ============================= Text Box: A perfectly competitive market consists of: Many firms in the industry- therefore firms cannot manipulate the prices. Low barriers to entry and exit- if profits are achievable new firms can enter the market at little cost. Homogenous products- no branding allows new entrants to win customers fairly. Perfect knowledge- consumers and producers know everything about market ´s prices and products. In a perfectly competitive market: There is productive efficiency- because costs must be kept at a minimum to break even. There is allocative efficiency- producers will produce no more or less than consumers demand at a given price. There is NOT dynamic efficiency-as there is perfect knowledge, there is no incentive for R&D. Types of Market Failure ======================= 1. Monopoly Power ================= * A monopoly exists of there is only one firm or supplier in the economy * A firm holds a monopoly share if it holds a market share that exceeds 25%. Why monopoly power market failure exists ---------------------------------------- Firms gain monopoly powers in the long run because of barriers to entry to the industry, preventing other firms entering th... ...more serious market failures. E.g Common Agricultural Policy dumping excess supply of food caused by minimum pricing on world market, thus crashing world prices. Therefore farmers outside EU experience lower incomes. Public choice theory - The government may not make decisions to maximise economic welfare but will instead make decisions on spending and taxation that will favour consumers, who are voters. Local interests (Textile plant in constituency, tax on imports) Favouring minorities (middle class voters more likely to vote than working class) Conflicting Personal Interests (corruption) Short-termism (do what is best on the short term but ignore the long term consequences because there is re-election every 5 years) Regulatory Capture - Groups such as monopolies can strongly influence the way they are being regulated to their own advantage Markets - why they fail Essay -- Economics Markets - why they fail * Allocative efficiency occurs when resources are distributed in such a way that no consumers could be made better off without other consumers becoming worse off. * Dynamic efficiency occurs when resources are allocated efficiently over time. * Productive efficiency is achieved when production is achieved at lowest cost. * Technical efficiency is achieved when a given quantity of output is produced with a minimum number of inputs. Consumer and Producer Surplus ============================= Text Box: A perfectly competitive market consists of: Many firms in the industry- therefore firms cannot manipulate the prices. Low barriers to entry and exit- if profits are achievable new firms can enter the market at little cost. Homogenous products- no branding allows new entrants to win customers fairly. Perfect knowledge- consumers and producers know everything about market ´s prices and products. In a perfectly competitive market: There is productive efficiency- because costs must be kept at a minimum to break even. There is allocative efficiency- producers will produce no more or less than consumers demand at a given price. There is NOT dynamic efficiency-as there is perfect knowledge, there is no incentive for R&D. Types of Market Failure ======================= 1. Monopoly Power ================= * A monopoly exists of there is only one firm or supplier in the economy * A firm holds a monopoly share if it holds a market share that exceeds 25%. Why monopoly power market failure exists ---------------------------------------- Firms gain monopoly powers in the long run because of barriers to entry to the industry, preventing other firms entering th... ...more serious market failures. E.g Common Agricultural Policy dumping excess supply of food caused by minimum pricing on world market, thus crashing world prices. Therefore farmers outside EU experience lower incomes. Public choice theory - The government may not make decisions to maximise economic welfare but will instead make decisions on spending and taxation that will favour consumers, who are voters. Local interests (Textile plant in constituency, tax on imports) Favouring minorities (middle class voters more likely to vote than working class) Conflicting Personal Interests (corruption) Short-termism (do what is best on the short term but ignore the long term consequences because there is re-election every 5 years) Regulatory Capture - Groups such as monopolies can strongly influence the way they are being regulated to their own advantage

Jail Overcrowding

The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act Will Stop Prison Overcrowding General Purpose: To persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience that accepting The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the best method to stop prison overcrowding. Main Idea: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. I. Introduction A. As you can see from this video: http://www. outube. com/watch? v=J_J0zlx-McQ B. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act, also known as NORA, will solve the prison-overcrowding problem that is primarily caused by mandatory sentences for nonviolent criminals. C. I am going to explain how NORA will put an end to prison overcrowding by: 1. Reiterating the problems associated with prison overcrowding 2. Illustrating the primary cause of prison overcrowding 3. Describing the benefits that will result from accepting proposition 5. II. Body A. Prison overcrowding creates inadequate healthcare for inmates, threatens the safety of Americans, and inhibits the rehabilitation of convicts. 1. Due to the increasing number of prisoners in American jails, we do not have sufficient facilities or funding to provide the necessary health accommodations. The Vera Institute, for example, is a nonprofit organization that works with government to improve various injustices. According to their research, â€Å"the wait for [medical] treatment often outlasts a prisoner’s sentence† (Gibbons 93). Not only does overcrowding threaten the health of nmates, it also jeopardizes public safety. 2. After finding out that California prisons were running at double their capacities, federal judges ordered that the state reduce its prisoners by about 40,000 (Liptak). Considering majority of the drug related sentences are mandatory, they may have to release prisoners who committed crimes such as armed robbery, homicide, breaking and entering, and sexual assault. These criminals may have been reformed in prison, but this is unlikely considering prison rehabilitation and reform programs are inefficient due to overcrowding. . Research done by the University of Pennsylvania found that prisoners who graduated from college programs during their incarceration were â€Å"50% less likely to be rearrested, and 60% less likely to be re-incarcerated† (Hall). Yet, in the past, Congress has banned prisoners from such programs because of lack of funding due to overcrowding. By 1997, for example, â€Å"fewer than 2% of prisoners were enrolled† in educational programs (Erisman). Before these programs can be initiated, however, we must first deal with the cause of prison overcrowding. B. Prison overcrowding is primarily caused by mandatory drug sentences. 1. In my opinion, the primary reason for prisons is to keep dangerous criminals off of the streets. The government, on the other hand, seems to think it is more important to keep petty drug dealers in their prisons. 2. According to the Drug Policy Alliance Network, which is one of the nation’s leading organizations on the war on drugs, the mandatory drug policy resulted in, â€Å"more than 80 percent of the increase in the federal prison population from 1985 to 1995. † And , â€Å"the U. S. Sentencing Commission reports that only 11 percent of federal drug defendants are high-level drug dealers. † This means that about 90% of the 80% increase of inmates are harmless street dealers. 3. Instead of just slamming a harmless drug dealer into a jail cell, which ultimately results in releasing the same drug dealer after his or her sentence, policy makers should focus on drug rehabilitation, which will not only stop the problems associated with overcrowding, but also help to stop future drug violators. C. The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act is the ideal solution to prison overcrowding. 1. According to the Smart Voter, an organization which educates voters as to the implications of policies, NORA essentially limits the amount of prison time a harmless drug offender can serve, increases the parole of violent crimes, and creates mandatory drug rehabiliation programs for drug offenders and optional programs for the youth of our nation. 2. NORA was originally created to fight the obscene amount of overcrowding in California prisons. I believe, however, the United States government should accept it as a federal policy, by voting for it to be a mandatory program for nonviolent drug offenders. Especially considering â€Å"prison overcrowding is evident in almost every state,† not just the state of California. 3. According to an article written by Solomon Moore in The New York Times, drug sentencing has become so extreme, that carrying an illegal substance that weighs less than half of a tic tac can grant you 25 years in prison. According to the official NORA website, if NORA was accepted, within 8 years, it would save 84,000 people from facing mandatory drug sentences. 4. NORA will also save 2. 5 billion dollars (Facts). This is especially important considering the costs to uphold the large amount of prisoners far exceeds the amount of money granted to higher education (Archibald). These statistics are only applied to the state of California. Just imagine how much of an impact it would have if it was implemented in every state 5. The reduction in the number of mandatory nonviolent sentences would greatly reduce the amount of prisoners, ultimately stopping prison overcrowding. The rehabilitation programs will also hinder future drug offenders. III. Conclusion A. Overall, it is quite clear that everyone benefits from The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. 1. Convicted criminals will finally be given adequate healthcare as there will no longer be prison overcrowding 2. American citizens are safe, because prisons will no longer need to release dangerous criminals and citizens will pay less taxes towards prisons because NORA will reduce prison costs by 2. 5 billion 3. Nonviolent drug offenders will go through rehabilitation, instead of idiotically placing them into a jail cell, with no chance of improvement. B. I leave you with this final fact: Pennsylvania prisons are already overcrowded by 8% (Prison). If we do not make a change in our prison system, we will soon reach the same overcrowding as California, in which we have to start releasing dangerous prisoners into the public. If we support NORA, hopefully this will be a future that we never have to see. WORKS CITED Archibald, Randal. â€Å"California, in Financial Crisis, Opens Prison Doors. † The New York Times [New York] 23 Mar. 2010. Print. Erisman, Wendy. Learning to Reduce Recidivism: A 50-state Analysis of Postsecondary Correctional Education Policy,† Institute for Higher Education Policy, November 2005. Print. â€Å"Facts. † Yes on Proposition 5: The Nonviolent Offender Rehabilitation Act. NORA CAMPAIGN. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . Gibbons, John J. Confronting Confinement. New York: Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons, 2006. Print. Hill, Jim. â€Å"Arizona criminals find jail too in-‘tents'â €  CNN. Cable News Network, 27 July 1999. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Liptak, Adam. â€Å"U. S. rison population dwarfs that of other nations. † The New York Times 23 Apr. 2008. Print. â€Å"Mandatory Minimum Sentences. † Drug Policy Alliance Network. DPA Network. Web. 5 Apr. 2010. . Moore, Solomon. â€Å"The Prison Overcrowding Fix. † The New York Times [New York] 10 Feb. 2010. Print. â€Å"Proposition 5: Nonviolent Drug Offenses, Sentencing, Parole and Rehabilitation. † Smart Voter. 04 Nov. 2008. Web. 07 Apr. 2010. . â€Å"Prison Overcrowding: Treatment, Not Jail Time, Is Answer. † Central PA Local News. Penn Live, 21 Aug. 2009. Web. 05 Apr. 2010. .

Steve Jobs Paper - 1192 Words

Steve Jobs Paper Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech, my audience will be familiar with the different aspects of Steve Jobs’ life from an early age, and his career accomplishments. Central Idea: To give the audience a better understanding about the man who was well reserved, one must learn about his life from an early age, and his career accomplishments. Introduction: I remember when I was in Jr. High, and computers were being integrated into the classrooms. As a matter of fact, the class was called Computer Literacy. I also remember that when you would start the computers, they needed a few minutes to â€Å"boot up.† We had games such as Lode Runner, and Montezuma’s Revenge. I remember some time later, my parents bought our first†¦show more content†¦Isaccson was unaware at first that Jobs had pancreatic cancer. Jobs died on October 5, 2011 at about 3:00 p.m. in his California home. (Transition) Next, I will discuss the career of Steve Jobs, career as it flourishes. II. Steve Jobs had a very complex and innovating career, he was one of our pioneers in providing computers to the masses. A. According to Walter Isaccson in his biography, Steve Jobs, he discusses the life and innovations that Jobs was able to offer consumers. 1. Jobs, as I mentioned earlier, was the owner with his friend Steve, of Apple Computers. Jobs’ resigns from Apple in 1985 and starts NeXT computers, who got the attention of Billionaire Ross Perot, who invested heavily in this company. 2. Jobs, also owned Pixar, which was sold to Disney, Jobs had been the largest shareholder. Jobs’ is credited as the executive producer of the hit film, Toy Story. 3. In the year 1996, it was announced that Apple would buy NeXT in the means of $429 million U.S. dollars. 4. Jobs again had reigns of Apple. (Transition) Steve Jobs’ innovations change the world forever. 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